Happy Days - Rhyl, 1948
Sunday 25 July 2010
IX The Modern School contd
Matron (Mrs. Heathcote) smiles as one of the boys "Picks and Chooses"
his clothes prior to leaving (1949)
Since change was in the air, it was now decided to alter the names of the four houses, which now became known as Ansell, Knox, Yorke and Yates ' shortly afterwards the Governors decided to change the name of the school again, and since Tennal Grange had now given its name to various parts of the locality, it was decided to call it Tennal School.
The number of children in the school now necessitated the use of four dormitories for sleeping purposes, but this re-arrangement of sleeping accomodation did not affect the arrangement of houses, for the boys continued to sleep with boys of their own age, and not with members of their house.
As the school grew in numbers, and as a greater proportion of more difficult cases were now admitted, (1) the Headmaster found it necessary to reinforce the Mark system with more corporal punishment than he had formerly used.
Space permits us to make only the briefest mention of the crowded war years. It speaks well for the quality of the staff, which the school was then fortunate enough to possess, that Tennal weathered the storm in spite of the upheaval which was caused by evacuating the school to Bourne for six months, and then returning to Harborne, where a new wooden dormitory had been built and other structural alterations (2) had been carried out, so that it could temporarily be certified for 150 children.
Hopeful members of Tennal Rabbit Company
"Mind their own business" (1949)
It is not necessary to remind the reader of the wartime difficulties which this school shared with the rest of the country, but it should be noted that good order and discipline were well maintained in spite of the fact that a number of the extra cases, (3) which the Juvenile Courts had to deal with as a result of the war, were absorbed by Tennal at a time when the normal routine was seriously upset by such necessities as re-inforcing the rooms on the ground floor so that they could be used as dormitories.
But the strain of these difficult war years had so severely taxed the strength of Mr Channing that in June 1946, ill-health and advancing years compelled him to retire after 23 years of valiant service for the 866 boys who had been admitted during this period.
It is difficult for a present member of the staff to write dispassionately of the friendly and sympathetic atmosphere which Mr and Mrs H Heathcote (4) have introduced into the school since their appointment as Headmaster and Matron in July 1946 ; but a broad outline of the policy they are both pursuing can be given.
Feeding Time (1949)
As far as the schoolroom is concerned the aim can brifefly be stated as an attempt to provide the boys with similar opportunities to those which are provided in a Sconday Modern School. To achieve this, every effort is being made to apply the principles of the Education Act of 1944. Since the advent of Mr Heathcote three additional teachers have been appointed, and in accordance with the suggestions of the Reynolds Report (5) a Deputy Headmaster, and a Principal Teacher have aslo been appointed. In order to make the best use of the abilities of the teaching staff specialised teaching has been extended.
The education of the children does not always cease during playtime, for now that loud-speakers have been introduced into every dormitory, and since there is a microphone in the staff room, Saturday night boradcasts by Mr Heathcote and Mr Goulden (6) have not only amused and interested the children, but the inter-dormitory quizzes and spelling bees have been excellent educational propaganda. The results of these artful spelling lessons to pupils in their beds are very encouraging.
The metal-work shop has been closed on account of the unsuitability of the room, while the bandroom has been converted into a classroom until such time as the new school - which has been planned on the lines of a Secondary Modern School but unfortunately postponed on the grounds of economy - can be erected. (7)
From small beginnings big things grow (1949)
In addition to the extra teachers, two housemasters have also been appointed to the staff in the hope that they will get below the surface and make close individual contact with some of the boys, and attempt to solve some of their problems and difficulties. The Headmaster has also endeavoured to encourage the rest of his staff to give individual care and attention to the small groups with which each member is concerned out of school hours.
But doubtless the most important innovations are those which have been introduced to make life more pleasant and interesting for the boys, and to allow them new opportunities for free development.
Recently one of the senior classes was asked to write an anonymous essay on "Changes." The following list was extracted from the mass of evidence which was produced to show that Mr.Heathcote's regime was by no means "the mixture as before."
(1) Most boys mentioned that the Mark system was altered by the new Headmaster ; boys were not only paid (8) more, but were actually allowed to handle money.
(2) Many boys wrote at length about the way the House system had altered. The number of Houses was reduced to four, and each house slept in its own dormitory.
(3) Wireless had been relayed to the dormitories. Music in bed was a popular recent change.
(4) Staff versus School cricket and football matches now took place.
(5) Morning assembly had altered and now took the form of a short service with hymns and prayers.
(6) Boxing classes took place regularly.
(7) A School Council mainly composed of boys had been formed and was trying to improve the school.
(8) An Angora rabbit company had been formed in which 15 boys each had 5/- shares and hoped to manage the company so that these shares would show a profit.
(9) A pig-sty had been built.
Many Cooks, but the broth is not spoilt (1949)
This summary is not complete, but it does include the changes which were mentioned most frequently. Few mentioned the increase in staff, and no one wrote a word about the schoolroom, while one boy wrote : - "The thing which has changed most is the discipline. If anybody answered back to an officer they were severely thrashed, or if the boys made a noise on parade they went on parader for two hours."
Since it is the writer's firm conviction that a boy who answers back must never be allowed to have the last word, a few words on modern discipline must be added.
Punishment, of course, is still found necessary, and grave offenders still need occasionally to be "forcibly reminded" of the seriosness of breaking the rules which their own Council has helped to formulate. To a certain extent the boys now feel that the school is a family which works and plays together, (9) and when one of their number does overstep the mark no personal grudge is felt when punishment follows.
One final look at the balance sheet and our story is told. Expenditure has of course increased by leaps and bounds, partly as a result of improvements which have been carried into effect in the school so that the 124 boys for whom the school is now certified can be given a Secondary education and taught how to live, but mainly on account of changes in the value of money brought about by the war.
In 1939 total payments amounted to £9,166, and in 1948 this figure had risen to £21,810. During the current financial year (ending 31st March, 1949), estimated expenditure is approximately £500 a week.
The Rector of St. Philips cannot have foreseen that the school which he founded in the middle of the nineteenth century would be spending almost £4 10s. 0d. a week (10) on every boy committed to its care one hundred years later, or that the total average cost of maintenance in all Home Office Schools would then be more than £5 per boy per week. (11)
On parade (1949)
(1) As a result of the development of the probation service and other methods of dealing with children, the Juvenile Courts reserved committal to Approved Schools for the more difficult cases.
(2) An extension was built on the north side of the dining room, ten extra bowls and five five extra bowls and five extra sprays were provided , and new indoor lavatories were built.
(3) As a result of this increase in numbers, it was now decided to increase the number of houses from four to seven (Ansell, Knox, Yorke, Yates, Miller, Hill and Ash). It was also possible to employ an additional teacher in 1943, when the teaching staff consisted of a Principal Teacher, three schoolroom teachers, a full-time teacher of woodwork who also taught printing and published the School Magazine, and a metal work instructor.
(4) Mr and Mrs Heathcote had both previously served on the staff of a Senior Boys' Approved School at Farringdon, Exeter.
(5) Report on Remmuneration and Conditions of Service in Approved Schools - 1946.
(6) The present Deputy Headmaster
(7) It was originally hoped that the foundation stone of the new school would be laid on the 13th May, 1949, as part of the centenary celebrations. Since it has been decided that it would be wasteful to expend money endeavouring to modernise the ancient schoolroom, it is hoped that the new project will not long be delayed.
(8) In 1946 1st class received 8d. ; formerly 6d. a week
2nd class received 6d. ; formerly 4d. a week
3rd class received 4d. ; formerly 2d. a week
1st class now received 1s. 8d. a week
2nd class now receive 1s. 3d. a week
3rd class now receive 10d. a week
and
4th class now receive 5d. a week
(9) It is no uncommon sight to see the Head bowling at three chalk marks on the wall of the quad, which a potential Compton is striving to defend, nor to find other members of the staff eagerly chasing after a small ball on the quad.
(10) The Allowance for food is now fixed by the Home Office at 13s. a week for each child, while £11 5s. 0d. can be spent on clothing and boots for each child every year. A yearly allowance of 15s. per head is allowed for recreation, and an additionl 2s. per head can be spent on the provision of library books.
(11) At the present moment (March 1949), there over 140 Approved Schools containing approximately 8,000 boys and 1,500 girls. While every year nearly 20,000 boys and 4,000 girls are placed on probation. In 1947, 3959 Children and Young Persons were committed to Approved Schools ; of these 3,224 had been charged with offences, and 102 failed to comply with the Education Act of 1944. (See Criminal Statistics 1947)
.
Monday 12 July 2010
Epilogue
As we look back over the past 100 years it is natural that we should think of some of the shortcomings and some of the failures which the school has turned out in the past. The system of recalling boys to the school, and the daily press, ensures that we do not forget. But let us also remember that all schools have their disappointments and failures. In writing of the old Westminsters, J.D. Carleton states: - "Great libraries would not hold all the books that they have written, and calendars could be filled with their crimes. The last remark is true no less than the first." *
The successes of our school have been less spectacular and receive very little publicity, but they have been very great and more than justify the tribute which was paid to Revd. G.M Yorke in the "Birmingham Daily Mail":-
"Birmingham owes something to a clergyman who keeps his church in such admirable condition as S.Philips. It owes something, too, to the gentleman who founded Gem Street Industrial School - a work of practical Christianity, better possibly, in its ultimate results, than a good many sermons." **
The school has undergone great changes during the past hundred years, and perhaps even greater developments lie ahead, for the experimental outlook which is encouraged to-day ensures an absence of that self-satisfied complacency which, by subordinating the past to the present, fondly imagines that we have reached finality.
Whatever lies ahead, may Tennal School continue to live up to its motto :-
"VINCE MALUM BONO !"
* Page 152, J.D. Carleton - Westminster.
** Page 133, Pulpit Photographs - cuttings from "The Birmingham Daily Mail," 1871/2
The successes of our school have been less spectacular and receive very little publicity, but they have been very great and more than justify the tribute which was paid to Revd. G.M Yorke in the "Birmingham Daily Mail":-
"Birmingham owes something to a clergyman who keeps his church in such admirable condition as S.Philips. It owes something, too, to the gentleman who founded Gem Street Industrial School - a work of practical Christianity, better possibly, in its ultimate results, than a good many sermons." **
The school has undergone great changes during the past hundred years, and perhaps even greater developments lie ahead, for the experimental outlook which is encouraged to-day ensures an absence of that self-satisfied complacency which, by subordinating the past to the present, fondly imagines that we have reached finality.
Whatever lies ahead, may Tennal School continue to live up to its motto :-
"VINCE MALUM BONO !"
* Page 152, J.D. Carleton - Westminster.
** Page 133, Pulpit Photographs - cuttings from "The Birmingham Daily Mail," 1871/2
The Development of Industrial Schools
Industrial Schools Act, 1857
Vagrant, destitute, and disorderly children could be committed to Certified Industrial Schools, which were under the jurisdiction of the Privy Council for Education until they were transferred to the control of the Home Officer in 1861.
Industrial Schools Act, 1861
The conditions on which children were to be sent were defined more clearly as:- Children under 14 who were found begging or wandering or who were beyond parental control, and children under 12 who had committed a punishable offence. No child could be admitted if he had been previously convicted. There was no lower age limit but inmates could not be detained beyond the age of 15.
Industrial Schools Act, 1866
An Industrial School was defined as: "A school in which children are lodged, clothed and fed, as well as taught." This Act consolidated previous Acts and extended the period of detention to the age of 16.
The Children Act, 1908
"The expression 'Industrial School' means a school for the industrial training of children, in which children are lodged, clothed, and fed, as well as taught."
Six categories of children could be committed to them, namely :-
1. Children under 14 not adequately cared for.
2. Children under 12 guilty of a punishable offence.
3. Children under 14 chared with a punishable offence.
4. Children under 14 beyond parental control.
5. Children under 14 beyond the control of a Poor Law Union.
6. Children under school age who do not comply with the school attendance order.
Vagrant, destitute, and disorderly children could be committed to Certified Industrial Schools, which were under the jurisdiction of the Privy Council for Education until they were transferred to the control of the Home Officer in 1861.
Industrial Schools Act, 1861
The conditions on which children were to be sent were defined more clearly as:- Children under 14 who were found begging or wandering or who were beyond parental control, and children under 12 who had committed a punishable offence. No child could be admitted if he had been previously convicted. There was no lower age limit but inmates could not be detained beyond the age of 15.
Industrial Schools Act, 1866
An Industrial School was defined as: "A school in which children are lodged, clothed and fed, as well as taught." This Act consolidated previous Acts and extended the period of detention to the age of 16.
The Children Act, 1908
"The expression 'Industrial School' means a school for the industrial training of children, in which children are lodged, clothed, and fed, as well as taught."
Six categories of children could be committed to them, namely :-
1. Children under 14 not adequately cared for.
2. Children under 12 guilty of a punishable offence.
3. Children under 14 chared with a punishable offence.
4. Children under 14 beyond parental control.
5. Children under 14 beyond the control of a Poor Law Union.
6. Children under school age who do not comply with the school attendance order.
Monday 5 July 2010
The Development of Reformatory Schools
1854 First Youthful Offenders Act
Any person under 16 convicted of an offence could be detained in Reformatory School for not less than two and not more than five years, provided that he was also sentenced to at least 14 days' imprisonment.
1866 Reformatory Act
A Reformatory was defined as : - "A school fitted for the reception of youthful offenders." The period of essential preliminary imprisonment was modified to ten days or longer, and offenders under the age of ten could not now be directed to Reformatory Schools unless previously convicted.
1893 Act
Previous Acts were amended and the offender could now be sent to a Reformatory School without imprisoment. The age limit for admission was raised to 12 unless the offender had been already convicted, while the upper age limit was reduced from 21 to 19.
1899 The Reformatory Act
The practice of sentencing an offender to imprisonment in addition to ordering him to a Certified Reformatory School was abolished.
1908 The Children Act
The expression Reformatory School was defined as:- "A school for the industrial training of youthful offenders in which youthful offenders are lodged, clothed and fed, as well as taught."
A youthful offender who was over 12 and under 16 could be sent to a Reformatory if he had committed an offence for which an adult would be sentenced. He could not be detained after attaining the age of 19.
Any person under 16 convicted of an offence could be detained in Reformatory School for not less than two and not more than five years, provided that he was also sentenced to at least 14 days' imprisonment.
1866 Reformatory Act
A Reformatory was defined as : - "A school fitted for the reception of youthful offenders." The period of essential preliminary imprisonment was modified to ten days or longer, and offenders under the age of ten could not now be directed to Reformatory Schools unless previously convicted.
1893 Act
Previous Acts were amended and the offender could now be sent to a Reformatory School without imprisoment. The age limit for admission was raised to 12 unless the offender had been already convicted, while the upper age limit was reduced from 21 to 19.
1899 The Reformatory Act
The practice of sentencing an offender to imprisonment in addition to ordering him to a Certified Reformatory School was abolished.
1908 The Children Act
The expression Reformatory School was defined as:- "A school for the industrial training of youthful offenders in which youthful offenders are lodged, clothed and fed, as well as taught."
A youthful offender who was over 12 and under 16 could be sent to a Reformatory if he had committed an offence for which an adult would be sentenced. He could not be detained after attaining the age of 19.
The Emergence of Approved Schools
1895 Departmental Committee
In spite of carefully drawn legal distinctions, Reformatory and Industrial Schools were now very similar and this Committee treated them together for two reasons:- "First, as regards their system of management, their discipline, and the life led within their walls, there is really no practical difference between the two classes of institution; second, there is no more difference between the inmates of these institutions than in the life they lead... Magistrates often committed serious offenders to Industrial Schools under a mild section of the Act for "the indulgence of natural feelings of humanity tend to break down any attempt at strict classification on these lines."
In spite of carefully drawn legal distinctions, Reformatory and Industrial Schools were now very similar and this Committee treated them together for two reasons:- "First, as regards their system of management, their discipline, and the life led within their walls, there is really no practical difference between the two classes of institution; second, there is no more difference between the inmates of these institutions than in the life they lead... Magistrates often committed serious offenders to Industrial Schools under a mild section of the Act for "the indulgence of natural feelings of humanity tend to break down any attempt at strict classification on these lines."
The Emergence of Approved Schools
1911 Departmental Committee
This Comittee considered that the main distinction between Reformatory and Industrial Schools was one of age, and advised that in future they should be classified as Senior and Junior Home Office Schools. It recommended that the word "Reformatory" should be abolished, but suggested that youthful offenders should be committed to Senior Schools without suffering the stigma of a conviction.
1924 The Children's Branch
The Children's Branch of the Home Officer replaced the Reformatory and Industrial Department. The words "Reformatory" and "Industrial" began to disappear from the names of schools.
1927 Children and Young Persons Act
This Act gave effect to these recommendations and subsequently led to the establishment of Senior, Intermediate, and Junior Approved Schools.
1944 Education Act
The Approved Schools were now classified as Junior Primary, Junior Secondary, Intermediate and Senior Home Schools.
This Comittee considered that the main distinction between Reformatory and Industrial Schools was one of age, and advised that in future they should be classified as Senior and Junior Home Office Schools. It recommended that the word "Reformatory" should be abolished, but suggested that youthful offenders should be committed to Senior Schools without suffering the stigma of a conviction.
1924 The Children's Branch
The Children's Branch of the Home Officer replaced the Reformatory and Industrial Department. The words "Reformatory" and "Industrial" began to disappear from the names of schools.
1927 Children and Young Persons Act
This Act gave effect to these recommendations and subsequently led to the establishment of Senior, Intermediate, and Junior Approved Schools.
1944 Education Act
The Approved Schools were now classified as Junior Primary, Junior Secondary, Intermediate and Senior Home Schools.
Sunday 4 July 2010
Time Charts From 1775 to Present Day
Key
Tennal School and the Reformatory and Industrial School Movement (A)
The Development of Elementary Education (B)
Industrial and Social Changes (C)
Political and General Events (D)
1775
1776 American War of Independence (D)
1779 Crompton invented the "Mule" (C)
1780 Robert Raikes started Sunday Schools (B)
1781 John Pounds became a cripple and subsequently founded the Ragged School Movement (A)
1783 Peace with America (D)
1785 Society formed to spread Sunday Schools (B)
1785 The Power-Loom is invented (C)
1789 French Revolution begins (D)
1793 Beginning of War with France (D)
1798 Lancaster's School opened (B)
1800
1800 Growth of the Ragged School Movement (A)
1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act. (Apprentices not to work more than 12 hours a day and not to work at night.) (C)
1807 British Dominions abolish the Slave Trade (D)
1808 Bell's National Plan (B)
1810 Barrington School established to train Monitors (B)
1811 Formation of National Society (B)
1814 British and Foriegn Society formed (B)
1815 Waterloo (D)
1819 Peterloo. The Six Acts. (D)
1820 Accession of George IV (D)
1824 Infant School Society established (B)
1825
1825 Stockton to Darlington Railway (C)
1828 London Police Force started (D)
1830 Accession of William IV (D)
1832 First Reform Act. (Votes for Property Owners) (D)
1833 Factory Act. (Children under 9 years could not be employed and those under 13 only for 8 hours a day) (C)
1833 Abolition of Slavery in the British Empire (D)
1833 First Grant for Elementary Education - £20,000 (B)
1837 Accession of Queen Victoria (D)
1839 Committee of Privvy Council to promote Education of the People (B)
1839 Penny Post introduced (D)
1842 Mines Act (Abolished Female Labour below the surface) (C)
1844 Twelve-Hour Day for Women (C)
1846 Pupil-Teacher system inaugurated (B)
1846 Birmingham's First Ragged School founded at Lichfield Street (A)
1846 Corn Laws Repealed (D)
1847 Ten-Hour Day for Young Persons (C)
1849 The Free Industrial School opened in Gem Street, Birmingham (A)
1850
1850 Mines Regulation Act (C)
1851 & 1853 Conferences on Reformatory Schools in Birmingham (A)
1854 First Youthful Offenders Act (A)
1854-56 Crimean War (D)
1857 Industrial Schools Act (A)
1857 Indian Mutiny (D)
1861 Revised Code. Payment by Results (4/- for attendance and 8/- for examination) (B)
1866 Reformatory Schools Act (A)
1866 Industrial Schools Act (A)
1867 The Birmingham League (B)
1867 Reform Act (Votes for Male Town Workers) (D)
1868 Gem Street School is certified (A)
1870 Elementary Education Act. (School Boards to provide efficient Schools) (B)
1872 Ballot Act (D)
1875 Employers and Workmen Act (C)
1875
1876 School Attendance Committees to assist Boards to enforce attendance (B)
1878 Factory and Workshops Act (Children under 10 years not to be employed; 10 to 14 year olds for half a day. (C)
1880 Mundella's Act (Dunce's Certificate restricted to 13 year olds) (B)
1880 First Boer War (D)
1884 & 1896 Departmental Committess criticise industrial training in Certified Schools (A)
1884 Reform Act (Votes for all Men over 21 years old) (D)
1888 Local Government Act (County Councils established) (D)
1891 Free Elementary Education (B)
1891 Factory and Workshops Act (Employment of children under 12 years of age forbidden) (C)
1893 Amendment Act (A)
1897 Workmen's Compensation Act (C)
1899 Reformatory Act (A)
1899 No exemption from school for children under 12 (except in country districts) (B)
1899 Board of Education established (B)
1900
1901 Accession of Edward VII (D)
1902 Education Act. School Boards replaced by Local Authorities (B)
1902 End of Second Boer War (D)
1903 Harborne Industrial School opened (A)
1906 Education (Provision of Meals) Act (B)
1907 Probation of Offenders Act (A)
1907 Local Authorities to provide Medical Inspection of school children (B)
1908 The Children Act (A)
1908 Old Age Pensions (5/- a week) (C)
1909 Employment Exchanges established (B)
1910 The Accession of George V (D)
1911 Insurance Act (Four penny contributions) (C)
1914-1918 The Great War (D)
1918 Education Act. (Free Education for all compulsory until the term following 14th birthday) (B)
1918 Fourth Reform Act (Votes for Women over the age of 30) (D)
1919 Departmental Committee recommends new financial arrangements (A)
1919 Housing Act (C)
1923 Model Rules issued by Home Office (A)
1924 The Children's Branch (A)
1925 Harborne Industrial School re-christened Ansell School (A)
1925
1925 Burnham Scales accepted (B)
1925 Widow's, Orphans, and Old Age Pension Act (C)
1926 Hadow Report (B)
1926 General Strike (D)
1927 Departmental Committee's Report (A)
1927 Handbook of Suggestions revised (B)
1928 Universal Suffrage (D)
1933 Children and Young Person's Act (A)
1933 Ansell School becomes a Junior Approved School (A)
1935 Unemployment Act (C)
1936 Accession of Edward VIII (D)
1936 Accession of George VI (D)
1938 "Ansell" is re-named "Tennal" School (A)
1939 Second World War begins (D)
1941 Atlantic Charter (D)
1944 Education Act (B)
1945 Reynolds Report (A)
1945 End of World War II (D)
1946 Tennal Modern Secondary School (A)
1948 National Health and Insurance Act (C)
Tennal School and the Reformatory and Industrial School Movement (A)
The Development of Elementary Education (B)
Industrial and Social Changes (C)
Political and General Events (D)
1775
1776 American War of Independence (D)
1779 Crompton invented the "Mule" (C)
1780 Robert Raikes started Sunday Schools (B)
1781 John Pounds became a cripple and subsequently founded the Ragged School Movement (A)
1783 Peace with America (D)
1785 Society formed to spread Sunday Schools (B)
1785 The Power-Loom is invented (C)
1789 French Revolution begins (D)
1793 Beginning of War with France (D)
1798 Lancaster's School opened (B)
1800
1800 Growth of the Ragged School Movement (A)
1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act. (Apprentices not to work more than 12 hours a day and not to work at night.) (C)
1807 British Dominions abolish the Slave Trade (D)
1808 Bell's National Plan (B)
1810 Barrington School established to train Monitors (B)
1811 Formation of National Society (B)
1814 British and Foriegn Society formed (B)
1815 Waterloo (D)
1819 Peterloo. The Six Acts. (D)
1820 Accession of George IV (D)
1824 Infant School Society established (B)
1825
1825 Stockton to Darlington Railway (C)
1828 London Police Force started (D)
1830 Accession of William IV (D)
1832 First Reform Act. (Votes for Property Owners) (D)
1833 Factory Act. (Children under 9 years could not be employed and those under 13 only for 8 hours a day) (C)
1833 Abolition of Slavery in the British Empire (D)
1833 First Grant for Elementary Education - £20,000 (B)
1837 Accession of Queen Victoria (D)
1839 Committee of Privvy Council to promote Education of the People (B)
1839 Penny Post introduced (D)
1842 Mines Act (Abolished Female Labour below the surface) (C)
1844 Twelve-Hour Day for Women (C)
1846 Pupil-Teacher system inaugurated (B)
1846 Birmingham's First Ragged School founded at Lichfield Street (A)
1846 Corn Laws Repealed (D)
1847 Ten-Hour Day for Young Persons (C)
1849 The Free Industrial School opened in Gem Street, Birmingham (A)
1850
1850 Mines Regulation Act (C)
1851 & 1853 Conferences on Reformatory Schools in Birmingham (A)
1854 First Youthful Offenders Act (A)
1854-56 Crimean War (D)
1857 Industrial Schools Act (A)
1857 Indian Mutiny (D)
1861 Revised Code. Payment by Results (4/- for attendance and 8/- for examination) (B)
1866 Reformatory Schools Act (A)
1866 Industrial Schools Act (A)
1867 The Birmingham League (B)
1867 Reform Act (Votes for Male Town Workers) (D)
1868 Gem Street School is certified (A)
1870 Elementary Education Act. (School Boards to provide efficient Schools) (B)
1872 Ballot Act (D)
1875 Employers and Workmen Act (C)
1875
1876 School Attendance Committees to assist Boards to enforce attendance (B)
1878 Factory and Workshops Act (Children under 10 years not to be employed; 10 to 14 year olds for half a day. (C)
1880 Mundella's Act (Dunce's Certificate restricted to 13 year olds) (B)
1880 First Boer War (D)
1884 & 1896 Departmental Committess criticise industrial training in Certified Schools (A)
1884 Reform Act (Votes for all Men over 21 years old) (D)
1888 Local Government Act (County Councils established) (D)
1891 Free Elementary Education (B)
1891 Factory and Workshops Act (Employment of children under 12 years of age forbidden) (C)
1893 Amendment Act (A)
1897 Workmen's Compensation Act (C)
1899 Reformatory Act (A)
1899 No exemption from school for children under 12 (except in country districts) (B)
1899 Board of Education established (B)
1900
1901 Accession of Edward VII (D)
1902 Education Act. School Boards replaced by Local Authorities (B)
1902 End of Second Boer War (D)
1903 Harborne Industrial School opened (A)
1906 Education (Provision of Meals) Act (B)
1907 Probation of Offenders Act (A)
1907 Local Authorities to provide Medical Inspection of school children (B)
1908 The Children Act (A)
1908 Old Age Pensions (5/- a week) (C)
1909 Employment Exchanges established (B)
1910 The Accession of George V (D)
1911 Insurance Act (Four penny contributions) (C)
1914-1918 The Great War (D)
1918 Education Act. (Free Education for all compulsory until the term following 14th birthday) (B)
1918 Fourth Reform Act (Votes for Women over the age of 30) (D)
1919 Departmental Committee recommends new financial arrangements (A)
1919 Housing Act (C)
1923 Model Rules issued by Home Office (A)
1924 The Children's Branch (A)
1925 Harborne Industrial School re-christened Ansell School (A)
1925
1925 Burnham Scales accepted (B)
1925 Widow's, Orphans, and Old Age Pension Act (C)
1926 Hadow Report (B)
1926 General Strike (D)
1927 Departmental Committee's Report (A)
1927 Handbook of Suggestions revised (B)
1928 Universal Suffrage (D)
1933 Children and Young Person's Act (A)
1933 Ansell School becomes a Junior Approved School (A)
1935 Unemployment Act (C)
1936 Accession of Edward VIII (D)
1936 Accession of George VI (D)
1938 "Ansell" is re-named "Tennal" School (A)
1939 Second World War begins (D)
1941 Atlantic Charter (D)
1944 Education Act (B)
1945 Reynolds Report (A)
1945 End of World War II (D)
1946 Tennal Modern Secondary School (A)
1948 National Health and Insurance Act (C)
Acknowledgment
I wish to thank the Chairman and the Headmaster of Tennal School for their invaluable help and encouragement towards the preparation of this booklet.
I am also indebted to Mr. T. W. Hutton, Editor of "The Birmingham Post," for the careful manner in which he has corrected the manuscript and checked the proofs.
G.R. Lowes.
I am also indebted to Mr. T. W. Hutton, Editor of "The Birmingham Post," for the careful manner in which he has corrected the manuscript and checked the proofs.
G.R. Lowes.
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